The Ethics of Animal Use in Biomedical Research Essay

Both in and out of philosophical circle, animals have traditionally been seen as significantly different from, and inferior to, humans because they lacked a certain intangible quality – reason, moral agency, or consciousness – that made them moral agents. Recently however, society has patently begun to move beyond this strong anthropocentric notion and has begun to reach for a more adequate set of moral categories for guiding, assessing and constraining our treatment of other animals. As a growing proportion of the populations in western countries adopts the general position of animal liberation, more and more philosophers are beginning to agree that sentient creatures are of a direct moral concern to humans, though the degree of this†¦show more content†¦Every year, in Europe and in North America tens of millions of animals are used for scientific research, for the testing of drugs and consumer goods as well as for educational purposes including dissection, and surgery practice. The Draize test and the LD50 (lethal dose 50 percent) in particular have been criticized for their animal cruelty and have gained increasing resistance on the part of the animal liberationists and the general public. The Draize test, which involves testing the acute acidity of cosmetics and household products on rabbits’ eyes, and the LD50, in which the toxicity of a substance by determining the dose required to kill fifty percent of the test group within fourteen days, however, are merely two example of the cruelty experienced by animals in biomedical research laboratories. The two most prominent current defenders of strong status for animals are neo-Kantian philosopher Tom Regan and utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer. Although they undertake this defence from two different theoretical perspectives, as neo-Kantians defend this position in terms of rights, and utilitarians tend to avoid talking in terms of rights, they arrive at the same conclusion: there is no difference between humans and animals which can justify the conclusion that a human life is of greater value than an animal life. Australian philosopher Peter Singer in his book, first published in 1975, popularized the term â€Å"animalShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Animal Research Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pages- Is the use of Animals in Biomedical Research Morally Justified? Animals have been treated immorally since the beginning of time, this is shown by hunting, farming, trapping, testing of products and biomedical research etc. As humans, majority of us claim animals as our resources as we use them for eating, making clothing, (leather and fur jackets, shoes) working animals, as a means of transport, animal testing etc. In this essay I will discuss the use of animals in biomedical research and stateRead MoreAnimal Cloning : A Major Form Of Assisted Animal Reproduction895 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal cloning has recently become a major form of assisted animal reproduction. Cloning is used on farms to reproduce the healthiest animals in an effort to increase production of healthy foods. In 1986, Steen Malte Willadsen was the first to publish details about the first mammal born through nuclear transfer cloning. Scientists support this because they believe that the use of cloning is evolutionary and is leaving a positive impact on the world. Although disc overies are still being made withRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing in the Research Field1416 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal research, or animal testing, is the use of animals in scientific researches to study and develop drugs for the life-taking diseases that human beings contract. It has been practiced for hundreds of years. Animal testing helps produced many vaccines and other drugs, like penicillin, and thus, save many human lives. On the other hand, animal testing also causes pain and kills a lot of animals used during the researches that many people oppose this practice. Supporters show their support, whileRead MoreA Research Experiment On Animal Research1353 Words   |  6 Pagesillness or the life of an animal. What are your thoughts right now? The cure or the animal? That cure you need for your child s’ illness was tested on animals in a biomedical research experiment. Hearing this might change someone s mind about animal research. Most people would choose the cure fo r their child and forget about the animal. The process of biomedical animal research is beneficial to the process of medical research and should be used in the experimental process. Animals themselves are veryRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Biomedical Ethics Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal activists and scientists experience ongoing conflict between animal experimentation and biomedical ethics. Animal testing is one of the oldest methods of experimentation. In the 1980s, the animal rights movement and the argument surrounding the ethics came under fire. As a result of this movement, the experimental procedures became public, giving more incentive to the activists and momentum to their cause. The ethics of animal experimentation come into question in everything from beauty productsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And The Early Greek Era1716 Words   |  7 Pages1101 9 November 2015 Animal Experimentation: We Owe It to Them Animal Experimentation has been dated as far back as to the Early Greek Era. This practice has been viewed as ethical by research scientists trying to find new medical breakthroughs. Yet, in recent years, the use of animals in research and experimentation has been frowned upon by animal protection groups and animal rights activists. Animals are protected by certain guidelines and ethics prior to their use in research. Contrary to popularRead MoreThe Animal Being Tested Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesmakeup or any other cosmetic item. I look at this situation as if i was in the place of the animal being tested, I sat an dreamt about it for a second, I thought to myself this is horrible and someone has to put an end to this immediately, If it is still going on.This topic has always been a touchy one for me, Considering the fact I ve been pro animal my whole.When i say that i mean just measly thought of an animal getting hurt or brutally chastised would put me down every time. What le d me to feelingRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesjustifying the use of animals for scientific research to benefit man, to giving them the right to live life alongside man? This brings up the debate: should animals be used in scientific experiments (â€Å"†¦procedures performed on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases, assessing the effectiveness of..† Humane Society International)? This debate has been going on for centuries, and still very prevalent in today’s society. Especially with the rise of animal activist groupsRead MoreExamination Of Past And Present Ethical Guidelines On Biomedical Research1368 Words   |  6 PagesEilidh Cowan Ethics of Biomedical Science Research Ioan Alexandru Beldean Examination of past and present ethical guidelines on biomedical research Ethics can be defined as a set of moral values informing one’s decisions. But this set of moral values can be influenced by many different things, such as various cultures, religions, and even technological advancements. This is called moral relativism, the idea that there are no real truths in ethics and what is right or wrong varies person by personRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Experimentation927 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries, the ethics of animal experimentation in the biomedical field have been questioned. The primary concern is whether the animals used in research outweigh the pain the animals endure. Animal rights activists will argue that there are new alternatives, which are more accurate than animal testing. The success of animal trials has continued the use by scientists within the medical field. Additionally, testing on animals eliminate harm to humans. The first Animal Cruelty Act was created in

William Shakespeares The Tempest Act One, Scene One

William Shakespeares The Tempest Act One, Scene One This scene introduces the play, and is set during on a ship during a ferocious storm. The passengers are the royal party of the King of Naples, and include the King Alonso, his brother Sebastian, the Prince Ferdinand, and the Kings counsellors, Gonzalo and Antonio. The storm, which begins the play, isnt real, but has been conjured by Prospero, a magus, to lure the passengers to his island. This storm is also representation of the metaphorical storm which involves the tumultuous emotions of the plays characters as it continues. The island where Prospero lives is used by Shakespeare as it is completely isolated, and so any action which takes†¦show more content†¦The constant use of nautical terminology in this scene - cabin, drowning mark, topsail, serve to remind the audience of where the action is taking place, and also add to the drama and sense of urgency in the scene. Gonzalo gives an indication of his characters as it will be revealed later in the plot as he placates the boatswain, showing he values respect and order, and exerts a calming, caring influence over the King, as continued on his next line, with the use of the word thou, a more formal and respectful term than you, which the boatswain uses. This calm goodness is in direct contrast to the selfish, egoistical nature of two other members of the royal party, Sebastian and Antonio, who venture out from the cabin again only to get in the way and hurl abuse at the boatswain, cursing him a pox oyour throat, calling him a bawling, blasphemous, incharitable dog, and a whoreson insolent noise maker, revealing their base and crude natures, their reactions showing their lack of respect for authority, as reflected later in the play by their unwillingness to repent for the trouble and pain they have wrought on Prospero and his daughter Miranda. The entrance of the mariners wet shows the worsening of the storm; it isShow MoreRelatedWorld Events Influencing Shakespeare ¨s The Tempest Essay example1277 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"What’s past is Prologue† – William Shakespeare Shakespeare lived and produced much of his famous works during the time when Queen Elizabeth ruled England and Ireland. This era was known as the Elizabethan Era. The world and its people were quickly evolving. It was the â€Å"golden age† of poetry, music and literature. It was in the midst of European exploration that Shakespeare wrote, The Tempest. It would be safe to suggest that many of the worldly events during this time, such as the shipwreck ofRead More tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in Aime Cesaires A Tempest1403 Words   |  6 PagesColonialism in A Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   A Tempest by Aime Cesaire is an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeare’s The Tempest.   He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story.   Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeare’s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives.   Cesaire’s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeare’s The Tempest because heRead More Aime Cesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest1683 Words   |  7 PagesCesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Negritude, originally a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking black intellectuals, reflects an important and comprehensive reaction to the colonial situation of European colonization (Carlberg).   This movement, which influenced Africans as well as blacks around the world, specifically rejects the political, social, and moral domination of the West.  Ã‚   Leopold Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire are the three pioneersRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Prospero Of The Tempest1747 Words   |  7 PagesOn the very face of it, it might be hard to think how Prospero of The Tempest would be William Shakespeare, or even to imagine that this play is a set of symbols and metaphors that provides an allegory for which is to express this play. The research into the argument of Prospero reflecting Shakespeare has made a valid discourse, because it is based on the extending the premise that all of Shakespeare’s works are to some degree associated with his own life. This idea that using symbols to somehowRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1705 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Mr. Nath 5 December 2014 The Tempest Written between 1610 and 1611, The Tempest by William Shakespeare is the final play penned by the famous Bard. The play portrays the illusory struggle of power and conscience through the character of Prospero and his egocentric motives. Politically, the play can be seen as an analysis of important political issues relevant to that of oppression and imperialistic tendencies of the time. Artistically, The Tempest emphasizes the nature of art, more prominentlyRead MoreExamples Of Colonialism In The Tempest944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tempest, written by playwright William Shakespeare is one of his most popular, yet also controversial plays. This paper will discuss the postcolonial interpretations of Shakespeare’s play, by looking at the nature of colonialism, and how it has been incorporated within his play, through the role of the colonized versus the colonizers. This paper will also compare how 21st century audience’s views may differ to that of the traditional Elizabet han’s, in relation to the play’s treatment of the originalRead MoreThe Tempest: Beginning and Closing Scenes 1221 Words   |  5 Pagesentire story away in the first scene. The opening lines explaining the entire story, giving away the ending along with it but, the point being how the story progresses from point a to point b. William Shakespeare’s dramas did not differ from this Elizabethan custom. In his 1610 play â€Å"The Tempest† the beginning scene and epilogue are crucial to the significance of the play in its entirety. Through the dissection of the Milan court system in the explosive opening scene, and its concluding superior restorationRead MoreEssay on The Globe Theatre and The Elizabethan Audience 1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe Globe Theatre The Globe Theatre in London , where William Shakespeares most famous plays premiered; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Twelfth Night, was built in 1599 in Southwark on the south bank of London’s River Thames by Richard Burbage. It was co-owned by Shakespeare, with a share of 12.5%. The Globe was a large, open-aired, three-tiered theater made out of timber taken from the Theatre-– a former theatre owned by Richard Burbage’s father. The Globe Theatre burned to the groundRead More Conflict and Harmony in The Tempest Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and Harmony in The Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare describes a utopic world saturated with supernatural images and ideas which works to create the mysterious island where The Tempest takes place.   This is one of Shakespeares best examples of how a natural harmony reveals itself through the actions of discourse and confusion.   To illustrate this idea best one must examine the historical context upon which The Tempest is based.   Because this play was published in the early 1600sRead MoreThe Tempest: 3 Differences Between the Play and the Movie952 Words   |  4 Pages3 Differences Between The Play And Movie â€Å"The Tempest† â€Å"The Tempest† is a play written by William Shakespeare in early 1600s that has been previewed in different kinds of movies, such as the one made in 2010, directed by Julie Taymor. It is a play containing themes such as; revenge, allusion, retribution, forgiveness, power, love and hatred. When it is compared to the play, there are specific differences seen in the movie, such as; Prospero is reflected as a woman in the movie. The time differences

Digital Divide Essay Example For Students

Digital Divide Essay Some say the Internet is the savior for the world. It will bring all the people of the world together for universal peace. The great equalizer the educator the cash cow, the greatest communication infrastructure ever. The World Wide Web is the single greatest evolution of technology in my lifetime the end all and be all of killer applications for the Personal Computer. Well what if you have never used a computer, maybe you have never seen one in real life. Would you know how to turn it on, let alone log on to the information super highway? I bet not. America was founded on the idea of equality for all her citizens. The price of a computer is the same for all consumers but that doesnt make it affordable for all. So what do we do when equality is not enough? Only 41.5% of us households have the Internet in their homes. (In Class Charts I) Most people turn to other locations for example school, work, community centers, libraries or web cafes for access to the Internet and computers. By no fault of their own the Infrastructure is simply not completely in place to allow access to every citizen. Is universal access to the Internet something the government is prepared to provide or something we as independent citizens will do? With the concern concentrated on technology Infrastructure we can bridge the Digital Divide. The Digital Divide is the poverty line of the twenty-first century. It is the term use to describe the separation between the people who have access to, knowledge of, and training on, new technology from the people who have little to no access and no technical knowledge of technology. The term Digital reefers to the format used by computers called binary code. Binary code is compiled of ones and zeros (1001110001) it is a basic computer language. When technical gurus began to talk about codes and servers you might become confused but what if the terms disk drive, modem, upload download, e-mail was just as confusing. This is a reality for a large section of the population. The distribution of our technological knowledge and access to the technology is not demographically balanced. This division is not based solely on economic factors, cultural and education factors also play major roles. This Digital Divide is a fixable problem and in fact the divide has begun to close. The Digitally Divided population have a similar demographic, usually they are of low income, uneducated, and in most cases African American or Hispanic households. (NTIA, 2000) Household Internet penetration continues to correlate with income. Households with less than $15,000 in income had a 12.7% Internet penetration rate. At the $15,000-$24,999 income levels, 21.3% of households had Internet access. In August 2000, the penetration rate for households with incomes between $25,000 and $34,999 stood at 34.0. (NTIA, 2000) The education level of a household is a contributing factor in Internet access penetration. The education level of the head of the household is meas ured. Higher educated adults are more likely to use computers and the Internet. In December 1998, 53.0% of households headed by a person with education beyond college had Internet access. That surpassed the access rate for households headed by a person with a bachelors degree (46.8%), those with some college experience (30.2%), those with a high school diploma (16.3%), and those with less than a high school diploma (5.0%). (NTIA, 2000) The Internet usage in Blacks and Hispanic households are among the lowest in the ethnic category. (23.5% and 23.6%, respectively) The poor the uneducated and the minorities of American are the ones being left out of the great equalizer. (NTIA, 2000)The Digital Divide is a significant problem. We are in a sense leaving behind a large section of our population. We are not leaving them to catch the next train; we are limiting their access to buy a ticket. The problem is the catch 22 these digital deprived individuals find themselves in. The groups of peo ple being left out of the digital revolution are loosing time to catch up with the rest of us. Groups that were already connected are now far more connected, while those with lower rates have increased less quickly. As a result, the gap between the information halves and have-nots is growing over time. (NTIA, 2000) The sooner you are connected the faster you become computer literate. Computer literacy in the future could be ranked just underneath Reading literacy in most important education goals. This gap needs to be closed the faster the better. This must be a high priority among the lawmakers and technology corporations and other groups with the power to make a difference. There have been many projects dedicated to bridging the Digital Divide. One such program was headed by ex Los Angles Laker Magic Johnson. Together with Hewlett-Packard, Los Angles County Community Development Commission and AT;T the Magic Johnson foundation opened a renovated computer center at the Ujima Villag e Housing Development. The center came complete with a powerful lineup of commercial products from Hewlett-Packard including servers PCs printers scanners and digital cameras. We can only advance our minds if we take a step inside, said Magic Johnson upon cutting the Ribbon at the opening ceremonies. (Casillas, 2001) The center will be used to help teach residents to use computers for homework, research, or job hunting and just plain enjoyment. (Casillas, 2001) Just down South La Brea Avenue you can find the next attempt in inner city Internet access. Operation Hope Cyber Cafe is an attempt to bridge the so-called Digital Divide. (Newman, 2001) This cafe will serve as a community center for computer use. It offers on-site classes in Microsoft Windows and other software. UCLAs extension program has begun offering an informational technology certificate program at the cafes that expect to have 100 people graduate per year. (Newman, 2001) Both of these projects have corporate help alon g with private citizens giving and helping to educate the disadvantaged. Microsoft has been in the news lately regarding the Digital Divide. The company is close to settling its four-year battle in court over antitrust allegations. Last month Microsoft offered a settlement and one part of this settlement was millions of dollars worth of Microsoft equipment including computers, software and other new technology for the poorest schools in the nation. Helen Souel director of technology for the state of Mississippi said, If structured properly, the settlement could really have far-reaching positive effects on students of the United States. (Linn, 2001) Sounds like this is another example of the Digital Divide shrinking, sadly no. Apples Macintosh computers and laptops currently hold a 47 percent share of the education market; its share of the general personal computing market is far smaller, at about 5 percent.(Johnson, 2001) Apple complained to the judge because they see this settlemen t as an attempt by Microsoft to grab a better hold on the education demographic. This was the reason Microsoft was in court in the first place unfair business practices. So after some debate Microsoft has agreed to give more control to educators over the money. With 150 million to 450 million in funds, the e-Learning Foundation would have plenty of money to spread around. It is a pleasing situation where big business can settle their differences so the disadvantaged of our country can profit. With the efforts of private citizens, big business and federal grants we are making a significant difference in the Digital Divide. The Commerce Departments National Telecommunications and Information Administration has compiled a web sight (www.digitaldivide.gov) dedicated to the Digital Divide. They have compared households of different racial and economic backgrounds from 1998 until 2000 and have noticed a dramatic increase in all areas. The digital Divide is closing. There had been an avera ge of 6.93% increase in households with a computer along all income demographics. People are finding ways to buy computers. Access to the Internet is also on the rise Black households saw an increase of 9.4%. Hispanic households had 8.2% more households connect to the Internet within the past two years. Across all racial lines we can see an average increase of 9.3 % more and more people are becoming connected to the Internet. But are we increasing fast enough? (In Class Chart II, III)There is no doubt we are still leaving people behind. I think the progress made in the last few years is positive and should be acknowledged as such. I also think we have a long way to go to finish the battle. There are some people who will die having never connected to the Internet but this should be their choice and not a sad consequence of poverty or low education. I believe the solution lies with big business, think of millions of students all being trained on Acme software and Acme systems when the y get a good job and purchase there own computer chances are they will stick with Acme and that is how capitalism is supposed to work. So I would say to Acme take a risk on our poor and uneducated they need to have a level playing field. Works Cited Casillas, Ofelia; Los Angles Times; August 4, 2001; An Assist by Magic Johnson. URLhttp://latimes.com/news/local/la-000063338aug04.storyIn Class Charts Digital Divide Lecture, John Decker, December 4, 2001, URL http://courses.sdsu.edu/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_57_1frame=top Johnson, Carrie; Washington Post; December 11, 2001; Microsoft Revises Private-Lawsuit Offer; URL http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A22672-2001Dec10.htmlLinn, Allison; Los Angles Times; November 26, 2001; Microsoft Settlement Plan Criticized; URL http://latimes.com/technology/wire/sns-ap-microsoft1127nov26.storyNewman, Morris; Los Angles Times; January 25 2001; Cyber South Central; URL http://latimes.com/technology/la-000007046jun30.storyNTIA Nationa l Telecommunications and Information Administration, 2000, URL http://www.digitaldivide.gov/ .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 , .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .postImageUrl , .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 , .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704:hover , .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704:visited , .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704:active { border:0!important; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704:active , .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704 .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f429b3e2bf132a36e7a7c908d6b7704:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: oxidation with sodium hypochlorite Essay